Prediction of pregnancy distress based on emotional self-disclosure and self-regulation

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 M.A. student of educational psychology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

2 Assistant professor of Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: Pregnancy distress is a particular type of stress which refers to maternal fears and distress about pregnancy including distress about fetus health, physical symptoms, parenting, relationships with others and childbirth. The present study aimed to predict pregnancy distress based on the emotional self-disclosure and self-regulation.
Materials and Methods: The statistical population of this descriptive study included all pregnant women referred to a pregnancy care centers in June 2016, among whom 240 were selected based on convenient sampling. The questionnaires of pregnancy distress, emotional self-disclosure, and self-regulation were used for collecting data. The collected data were analyzed by using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.
Results: The results indicated a significant relationship between pregnancy distress and emotional self-disclosure subscales such as depression (r= -0.793), happiness (r= -0.121), jealousy (r= -0.13), anxiety (r= 0.317), relaxation (r= -0.224), fear (r= -0.518), and emotional self-regulation sub-scales such as prior-focused regulation strategies (r= -0.214) and response-focused regulation strategies (r= -0.317). Based on the results of multiple regression among emotional self-disclosure dimensions of depression, fear at the negative level of 0.01 and jealousy at the positive level of 0.05 could predict pregnancy distress. Further, prior-focused self-regulation strategies played a significant role in predicting pregnancy distress at the level of 0.05.
Conclusion: According to the results, emotional self-discourse and self-regulation can predict pregnancy distress. The results can have a considerable effect to inform pregnant women about the effects of emotional self-disclosure and self-regulation skills on the pregnancy distress.

Keywords

References

  1. Huizink AC, Mulder EJ, Medina PG, Buitclaar GH.Is pregnancy anxiety a distinctive syndrome? Early Hum Dev 2004; 9: 112-17.
  2. Atkinson R, Hilgard E. [Introduction to psychology]. Borhani MT. (translator). Tehran. Roshd; 1992. (Persian)
  3. Yousefi R. [Psychometric properties of the Persian version concerns during pregnancy (PDQ)]. Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty 2016; 13(3): 215-25. (Persian)
  4. Mancuso RA, Schetter CD, Rini CM, Roesch SC, Hobel C. Maternal prenatal anxiety and corticotropin-releasing hormone associated with the timing of delivery. Psychosom Med 2004; 762: 49-66.
  5. Andersson L, Sundström‐Poromaa I, Wulff M, Astrom M, Bixo MD. Depression and anxiety during pregnancy and six months postpartum: A follow‐up study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006; 85(8): 937-44.
  6. Graignic-Philippe R, Dayan J, Chokron S, Jacquet A, Tordj M. The effects of prenatal stress on fetal and child development: A critical literature review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 137: 43-162.
  7. O'Connor TG, Caprariello P, Blackmore ER, Gregory AM, Glover V, Fleming P. Prenatal mood disturbance predicts sleep problems in infancy and toddlerhood. Early Hum Dev 2007; 83(7): 451-8.
  8. O’Connor TG, Ben-Shlomo Y, Heron J, Golding J, Adams D, Glover V. Prenatal anxiety predicts individual differences in cortisol in preadolescent children. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58(3): 211-17.
  9. Pazande F, Toomians J, Afshar F, Valaei N. [Prevalence of depression in parturient referring university hospitals in Tehran]. Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences 2009; 6(1): 66-7. (Persian)
  10. Alderdice F, Lynn F. Stress in pregnancy identifying and supporting women. Br J Midwifery 2009; 17: 552-78.
  11. Saunders TA, Lobel M, Veloso C, Meyer B. Aanalgesia and unplanned cesareans. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 141-56.
  12. Mansouri M, Seraj Khorami N, Hidary H. [Study of relationship intimacy, forgiveness and self-disclosure with marital satisfaction among married teachers]. Journal of family and research 2014; 20: 95-116. (Persian)
  13. Jannati Y, Khaky N. [Psychiatry in midwifery]. Tehran: Jamnagar; 2013. (Persian)
  14. Pennebaker J, Zench E, Rime B. Disclosing and sharing emotion: psychological, social and health consequences.Washington DC: American Psychological Association; 2001: 517-39.
  15. Pennebaker J, Seagal J. Forming a story: the health benefits of narrative. J Clin Psychol 1999; 55: 1243-55.
  16. Mennin DS, Farach FJ. Emotion and evolving treatments for adult psychopathology. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 2007; 14: 329-52.
  17. Karami J, Heidary Sharaf P, Shafiey B. [The relationship between emotion regulation strategies and emotional intelligence with social phobia in impaired vision and hearing impaired students]. Journal of exceptional education 2015; 1: 5-14. (Persian)
  18. Bodrova E, Leon D. Learning to control impulsive behavior is the most critical requirement for young children. [cited 2005]. Available from: http://www.NAESP.org
  19. Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Pers Individ Dif 2006; 40(8): 59-69.
  20. Gross JJ. The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Rev Gen Psychol 1998; 2(3): 271-99.
  21. Aldao A, Nolen-Hoeksema S, Schweizer S. Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2010; 30: 217-37.
  22. Gorbani N. [Cognitive, emotional, mental, physiological consequences of failure to disclose resistance and therapy]. Dissertation. Tehran: Tarbiat Modarres University, 2008. (Persian)
  23. Gratz KL, Gunderson J. Preliminary data on an acceptance-based emotion regulation group intervention for deliberate self-Harm among women with borderline personality disorder. Behav Ther 2006; 37: 25-35.
  24. Esterling BA, Antoni MH, Fletcher MA, Margulies S. Schneiderman emotional disclosure through writing or speaking modulates latent Epstein-Barr virus antibody titers. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994; 62(1):130–140.
  25. Akbari Nakhjavani H, Badri R. [Study the effects of emotional disclosure in a manner of speech / writing on improving the quality of life of women with breast cancer in Tabriz city]. Urmia medical journal 2015; 20(6): 519-30. (Persian)
  26. Pormohseni F, Shirzad SH. [Compared self-disclosure, intimacy and emotional processing in married women with social phobia and healthy women]. Quarterly of culture of counseling and psychotherapy 2015; 6: 144-66. (Persian)
  27. Monazamitabar F, Ahmadi Tahoor Soltani M, Bagherian Sararoodi R, Behboodi M. [The effectiveness of writing emotional disclosure on the reduction of depression, anxiety, and stress among veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder]. Ebn-e-Sina IRIAF Health Administration 2015; 17(3): 54-59. (Persian)
  28. Martin RC, Dahlen ER. Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression, anxiety, stress and anger. Pers Individ Dif 2005; 39(7): 60-124.
  29. Ahmadian VF, Gharraee B, Atef Vahid MK, Habibi M. [The role of perfectionism dimensions and emotion regulation strategies in predicting the severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms of university students]. Iranian journal of psychiatry and clinical psychology 2014; 20(2): 153-61. (Persian)
  30. Saadati Shamir A, Gholami F. [Factor structure of Emotional Self-esteem Scale (ESDS) in married students]. Journal of educational research 2015; 10: 76-89. (Persian)
  31. Hasany J, Kadivar P. [Validity and reliability of the Persian version questionnaire process strategies emotion regulation]. Quarterly of educational measurement 2014; 4: 111-44. (Persian)
  32. Salari P, Firouzi M, Sahebi A. [Study of stress factors during pregnancy]. Journal of Sabzevar University Medical Sciences and Health Services 2005; 3: 10-34. (Persian)
  33. Davidsen AS, Fosgeru CF. General practitioners’ and psychiatrists’ responses to emotional disclosures in patients with depression. Patient Educ Couns 2014; 95(1): 61-9.
  34. Smith RH, Parrot WG, Ozer D, Moniz A. Subjective injustice and inferiority as predictors of hostile and depressive feelings in envy. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 1994; 20: 705-11.
  35. Illig WA. Making peace with jealousy in polyamorous relationships. Atlanta Polyamory Weekend Conference. Atlanta. Canada; 2012.
  36. Tesser A. Emotion in social comparison and reflection processes. In: Suls JM, Wills TA. (editors). Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research; Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1991: 115-45.
  37. Festinger L. A theory of social comparison processes. Hum Relat 1954; 7:
    117-40.
  38. Gross JJ. Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. Handbook of emotion regulation. New York: Guilford; 2008: 3-24.
  39. Bateni1 P, Abolghasemi A, Aliakbari Dehkordi M, Hormozi M. [The efficacy of emotion-regulation skills training on the anxiety components among female school students]. Journal of school psychology 2013; 2(3): 182-90. (Persian)
  40. Gratz KL, Gunderson JG. Preliminary data on an acceptance-based emotion regulation group intervention for deliberate self-harm among women with a borderline personality disorder. Behav Ther 2006; 37(1): 25-35.
Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health
Volume 20, Issue 4
July and August 2018
Pages 201-209

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics